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eBook details

• Title: Predicting HIV/STD Risk Level and Substance Use Disorders Among Incarcerated Adolescents (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually- Transmitted Diseases) (Report)
• Author : Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
• Release Date : January 01, 2008
• Genre: Health & Fitness,Books,Health, Mind & Body,
• Pages : * pages
• Size : 276 KB

Description

Juvenile justice-involved youth have extraordinarily high rates of substance abuse and HIV/STD-associated adverse health outcomes not only during adolescence (CASA 2004) but into adulthood (Keyes, Iacono & McGue 2007). An estimated 80% of juvenile justice-involved teens report substance use (CASA 2004) and between 26% and 65% of young arrestees test positive for drugs using urinalysis (Zhang 2004). Substance-abusing youths in the juvenile justice system are also at extremely high risk for acquiring HIV and STDs due to early age at first intercourse, infrequent use of condoms, permissive attitudes about sex, and low self-efficacy to practice safe sex (Teplin et al. 2005a; Canterbury et al. 1995). Incarcerated adolescents represent the largest concentration of youths infected with or at high risk for HIV and STDs due to drug use and unsafe sexual behaviors (CDC 1996). Studies show that around 15% to 20% of detained youth test positive for an STD (Crosby et al. 2007; Kelly et al. 2000), and an alarming 95% of these adolescents have engaged in three or more HIV-associated risk behaviors (Teplin et al. 2003). When these teens move into adulthood, they carry significantly elevated risks for chronic drug addiction, HIV infection, mental illness, poor physical health, and a range of family problems (Golzari, Hunt & Anoshiravani 2006; Romero et al. 2007). Thus, understanding and decreasing substance abuse and HIV-associated risk behaviors among juvenile justice-involved teens are urgent public health, policy, and research priorities (Butts & Roman 2007; Ziedenberg 2006). Delinquency, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors are often initiated in adolescence and co-occur at high rates (Guo et al. 2002; St. Lawrence et al. 2002). The close associations among these problems have emerged repeatedly in studies across adolescent samples, but are especially pronounced in high-risk subgroups such as runaway and homeless youth, adolescents in drug treatment or suffering from mental disorders, and those in the juvenile justice system (Malow et al. 2006). Many researchers assert that substance use in adolescence directly increases HIV/STD-associated risk behaviors due to impaired judgment, impulsivity, and unprotected sexual activity with multiple partners (Malow et al. 2006; Castrucci & Martin 2002; Devieux et al. 2002). In fact, there is evidence that the presence of substance abuse and conduct problems increases the likelihood of early and risky sexual behaviors (Lowry et al. 1994; Capaldi, Crosby & Stoolmiller 1996). One study showed that alcohol use increased youths' likelihood of engaging in sex by approximately 50% (Sikkema, Winett & Lombard 1995). Sequential analysis suggests that substance use and other problem behaviors precede and may influence the development of sexual risk behaviors (Elliott & Morse 1988). Patterns of risky sexual behavior that emerge in adolescence are particularly likely to persist into adulthood if substance abuse continues (Tapert et al. 2001; Bardone et al. 1998). However, the evidence linking substance use to HIV/STD-associated risk behaviors is not unequivocal; one diary study failed to find an association between event-based substance use and condom use (Bailey, Gao & Clark 2006). DiClemente and Crosby (2003) suggest that substance use and HIV/STD-associated risk factors may be correlated due to common antecedents.

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