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• Title: Predicting Menopausal Health in a Diverse Population Group Through a Theoretical Linear Model --Theoretical Model to Predict Menopausal Health (Health) (Report)
• Author : Health
• Release Date : January 01, 2010
• Genre: Health & Fitness,Books,Health, Mind & Body,
• Pages : * pages
• Size : 103 KB

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1. INTRODUCTION Women constitute 70% of world's poorest and 90% of the landless people. In India, 60% of women beyond the age of 50 are widows, and more than 80% elderly women beyond 60 years of age live in extended families with grown up children, yet more than 80% suffers affective syndrome [1,2]. With rapid demographic changes, the number of elderly population is gradually rising and the ratio of elderly & young adults is expected to reach 1:4; and by 2020, the actual number of women aged more than 50 will be nearing 150 million in India. The situation in the developed countries is more alarming with the ratio reaching 1:2, showing a high dependency rate. Thus, menopausal health assumes greater significance especially for those who suffer symptom and substantial morbidity. Moreover, menopausal health which signifies overall health and well being status of a woman during and beyond middle age is also linked to various socioeconomic, cultural, physiological as well as psychological factors. Though physiological alteration in the cyclical ovarian function begins early at the commencement of climacteric period i.e., around 35 years of age but morbid conditions such as vasomotor instability, psychosexual problems, mental-physical exhaustion, anxiety-palpitation or genitourinary discomfort, bony pains in general and osteoporosis, diabetes & coronary arterial disease in particular are commonly seen later during and/or after menopause. They are generally ignored in rural, sub-urban as well as urban India, even if they suffer from symptoms silently [1-6]. However, menopause is gradually emerging as an issue in India where traditionally it was linked to aging. M. Flint [4] and M. Bourlet [7] did extensive Socio-anthropological and morbidity studies on menopause in India and South East Asian countries. Scarce availability of quality health care facilities, gender inequalities, lack of awareness in rural, semi-urban and urban areas prevents women from seeking much needed medical support for conditions such as osteoporosis, recurrent GUI (genitourinary infections), SUI (urinary stress incontinence), DM (Diabetes mellitus), HT (Hypertension), CAD (coronary arterial disease) and affective disorders etc. The lack of assured basic health care facilities, poverty, malnutrition, illiteracy was considered some of the reasons for imperceptible improvement in their health in poor developing countries [8,9]. Even in US low income and poor education was found to be associated with increased menopausal symptoms and determining age of peri menopause [10, 11]. Income, place of residence (urban/rural) and education level of women also modifies health seeking behavior and house hold expenditure on health [8,9]. Studies also suggested a link between early life factors, good health care support received during the reproductive period and better health status of women entering menopause or the phase of reproductive agin [12]. It is also well known that the women across different cultures and ethnicity perceive and behave differently during menopause. The cultural attributes affect women's menopausal experience in a very complex way [1,3,4,7,13-18]. Traditionally India is a multilingual, multi ethnic, multireligious nation where population co-exists concurrently in societies corresponding to ancient, medieval and modern era, and as a result wide variations in their health status and human development index is seen. Apparent positive mental attitude towards aging and/or menopause is attributed to the cultural upbringing whereas on the contrary it also points toward their negative health seeking behavior [1]. Great efforts have been made by developed nations to alleviate sufferings through a multidisciplinary approach where symptoms expressed during menopause have been quantified in the form of different menopause rating scales [19-21]. But escalating cost and recent controversies surrounding hormone therapy appeared to have raised some concerns o

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